Presses universitaires de Louvain onixsuitesupport@onixsuite.com 20260310 eng

COM.ONIXSUITE.9782875582423 03 01 Presses universitaires de Louvain 01 SKU 88940 02 2875582429 03 9782875582423 15 9782875582423 10 BC Thèses de la Faculté d'ingénierie biologique, agronomique et environnementale 01 GCOI 29303100851320 1 A01 Valentin Couvreur Couvreur, Valentin Valentin Couvreur <p> Valentin Couvreur holds a M.Sc. degree in bioengineering from the Université catholique<br /> de Louvain, where he pursued a doctoral research as FNRS fellow, in collaboration with<br /> the ForschungsZentrum Jülich. Today, he prepares his departure for postdoc at UC Davis.</p> 1 01 eng 208 00 208 03 TEC003000 29 2012 3070 Agriculture 24 INTERNET Agronomie et agriculture 93 TV 01 06 Agronomes 01 <p> In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. The complexity of root system hydraulics as well as the difficulty to measure RWU has made of modelling a valuable tool to investigate this process. However major limitations exist regarding (i) the cost of characterising root segments hydraulic properties, and (ii) the computing time of RWU from that scale.</p> <p> This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. In conditions of uniform soil water potential (SWP), RWU is shown to be distributed proportionally to standard fractions (SUF) along the root system. Under spatially heterogeneous SWP, a compensatory RWU term proportional to a root system conductance parameter (Kcomp) is added, which increases water uptake at locations where SWP is higher. Eventually, another root system conductance parameter (Krs) defines leaf water potential from both plant transpiration rate and sensed SWP, which, itself, is the SUF-weighted-mean SWP.</p> <p> The emergent hydraulic parameters (SUF, Kcomp, and Krs) have a physical meaning and may be estimated or measured directly at the plant scale. They are also shown to be intimately related to the water flow available to plant leaves for transpiration, and may be useful complementary indices to characterise crop strategies against water stress. In addition, the identified emergent properties allow an extreme reduction of RWU computing time, and may even be used accurately in one-dimensional spatial discretisation for densely seeded crops such as wheat.</p> 03 <p> In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. The complexity of root system hydraulics as well as the difficulty to measure RWU has made of modelling a valuable tool to investigate this process. However major limitations exist regarding (i) the cost of characterising root segments hydraulic properties, and (ii) the computing time of RWU from that scale.</p> <p> This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. In conditions of uniform soil water potential (SWP), RWU is shown to be distributed proportionally to standard fractions (SUF) along the root system. Under spatially heterogeneous SWP, a compensatory RWU term proportional to a root system conductance parameter (Kcomp) is added, which increases water uptake at locations where SWP is higher. Eventually, another root system conductance parameter (Krs) defines leaf water potential from both plant transpiration rate and sensed SWP, which, itself, is the SUF-weighted-mean SWP.</p> <p> The emergent hydraulic parameters (SUF, Kcomp, and Krs) have a physical meaning and may be estimated or measured directly at the plant scale. They are also shown to be intimately related to the water flow available to plant leaves for transpiration, and may be useful complementary indices to characterise crop strategies against water stress. In addition, the identified emergent properties allow an extreme reduction of RWU computing time, and may even be used accurately in one-dimensional spatial discretisation for densely seeded crops such as wheat.</p> 02 In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. 01 <p> In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. The complexity of root system hydraulics as well as the difficulty to measure RWU has made of modelling a valuable tool to investigate this process. However major limitations exist regarding (i) the cost of characterising root segments hydraulic properties, and (ii) the computing time of RWU from that scale.</P><P>This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. In conditions of uniform soil water potential (SWP), RWU is shown to be distributed proportionally to standard fractions (SUF) along the root system. Under spatially heterogeneous SWP, a compensatory RWU term proportional to a root system conductance parameter (Kcomp) is added, which increases water uptake at locations where SWP is higher.</P><P>Eventually, another root system conductance parameter (Krs) defines leaf water potential from both plant transpiration rate and sensed SWP, which, itself, is the SUF-weighted-mean SWP.</P><P>The emergent hydraulic parameters (SUF, Kcomp, and Krs) have a physical meaning and may be estimated or measured directly at the plant scale. They are also shown to be intimately related to the water flow available to plant leaves for transpiration, and may be useful complementary indices to characterise crop strategies against water stress. In addition, the identified emergent properties allow an extreme reduction of RWU computing time, and may even be used accurately in one-dimensional spatial discretisation for densely seeded crops such as wheat.</p> 03 <p> In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. The complexity of root system hydraulics as well as the difficulty to measure RWU has made of modelling a valuable tool to investigate this process. However major limitations exist regarding (i) the cost of characterising root segments hydraulic properties, and (ii) the computing time of RWU from that scale.</P><P>This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. In conditions of uniform soil water potential (SWP), RWU is shown to be distributed proportionally to standard fractions (SUF) along the root system. Under spatially heterogeneous SWP, a compensatory RWU term proportional to a root system conductance parameter (Kcomp) is added, which increases water uptake at locations where SWP is higher.</P><P>Eventually, another root system conductance parameter (Krs) defines leaf water potential from both plant transpiration rate and sensed SWP, which, itself, is the SUF-weighted-mean SWP.</P><P>The emergent hydraulic parameters (SUF, Kcomp, and Krs) have a physical meaning and may be estimated or measured directly at the plant scale. They are also shown to be intimately related to the water flow available to plant leaves for transpiration, and may be useful complementary indices to characterise crop strategies against water stress. In addition, the identified emergent properties allow an extreme reduction of RWU computing time, and may even be used accurately in one-dimensional spatial discretisation for densely seeded crops such as wheat.</p> 02 In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability offreshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. This study demonstrates that simple laws... 01 <p> In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. The complexity of root system hydraulics as well as the difficulty to measure RWU has made of modelling a valuable tool to investigate this process. However major limitations exist regarding (i) the cost of characterising root segments hydraulic properties, and (ii) the computing time of RWU from that scale.</P> <P>This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. In conditions of uniform soil water potential (SWP), RWU is shown to be distributed proportionally to standard fractions (SUF) along the root system. Under spatially heterogeneous SWP, a compensatory RWU term proportional to a root system conductance parameter (Kcomp) is added, which increases water uptake at locations where SWP is higher.</P> <P>Eventually, another root system conductance parameter (Krs) defines leaf water potential from both plant transpiration rate and sensed SWP, which, itself, is the SUF-weighted-mean SWP.</P> <P>The emergent hydraulic parameters (SUF, Kcomp, and Krs) have a physical meaning and may be estimated or measured directly at the plant scale. They are also shown to be intimately related to the water flow available to plant leaves for transpiration, and may be useful complementary indices to characterise crop strategies against water stress. In addition, the identified emergent properties allow an extreme reduction of RWU computing time, and may even be used accurately in one-dimensional spatial discretisation for densely seeded crops such as wheat.</p> 03 <p> In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. The complexity of root system hydraulics as well as the difficulty to measure RWU has made of modelling a valuable tool to investigate this process. However major limitations exist regarding (i) the cost of characterising root segments hydraulic properties, and (ii) the computing time of RWU from that scale.</P> <P>This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing RWU at the plant scale, emerge from water flow equations at the root segment scale. In conditions of uniform soil water potential (SWP), RWU is shown to be distributed proportionally to standard fractions (SUF) along the root system. Under spatially heterogeneous SWP, a compensatory RWU term proportional to a root system conductance parameter (Kcomp) is added, which increases water uptake at locations where SWP is higher.</P> <P>Eventually, another root system conductance parameter (Krs) defines leaf water potential from both plant transpiration rate and sensed SWP, which, itself, is the SUF-weighted-mean SWP.</P> <P>The emergent hydraulic parameters (SUF, Kcomp, and Krs) have a physical meaning and may be estimated or measured directly at the plant scale. They are also shown to be intimately related to the water flow available to plant leaves for transpiration, and may be useful complementary indices to characterise crop strategies against water stress. In addition, the identified emergent properties allow an extreme reduction of RWU computing time, and may even be used accurately in one-dimensional spatial discretisation for densely seeded crops such as wheat.</p> 02 In a context of increasing needs for food production and limited availability of freshwater for irrigation, understanding the process of root water uptake (RWU) at the plant scale has become a key issue. This study demonstrates that simple laws, governing 04 <p> List of abbreviations vi<br /> List of symbols vi<br /> Chapter I General introduction . 1<br /> 1. Context . 1<br /> 2. Water and crop yield 2<br /> 3. Modelling soil-plant hydrodynamics and plant water stress 3<br /> 4. Property emergence and organisation level . 5<br /> 5. Elemental laws and properties of the modelled system . 7<br /> 6. General objectives and thesis outline . 11<br /> Chapter II A simple three-dimensional macroscopic root water<br /> uptake model based on the hydraulic architecture approach. 15<br /> 1. Abstract 15<br /> 2. Introduction 16<br /> 3. Theory 19<br /> 3.1 Shape of the simplified root hydraulics model 21<br /> 3.2 Expression for compensatory root water uptake 22<br /> 3.3 Water stress function . 24<br /> 3.4 Expression of the simple root system hydraulics model at the soil<br /> element scale . 26<br /> 4. Methodology 29<br /> 4.1 Description of the complex maize root system and of the simulation<br /> domain 30<br /> 4.2 Existence and properties of the macroscopic parameters for the complex<br /> root system 32<br /> 4.3 Validation of the macroscopic model 34<br /> 5. Results 35<br /> 5.1 Existence and properties of macroscopic para-meters for the complex<br /> hydraulic architecture 35<br /> 5.2 Validation of the macroscopic model 41<br /> 6. Discussion 44<br /> 6.1 Shape of the macroscopic root water uptake model 44<br /> 6.2 Shape of the macroscopic water stress function 45<br /> 6.3 Emerging macroscopic parameters 46<br /> 6.4 The soil equivalent water potential sensed by plants . 48<br /> 6.5 Accuracy of the macroscopic model 49<br /> 6.6 Mathematical evidence of plant strategies against water stress . 50<br /> 7. Conclusions and outlook 51<br /> 8. Appendices 53<br /> Appendix A: Analytical solutions of the radial water flow rates, of the<br /> compensatory uptake rates and of the water stress equation in the simple<br /> hydraulic architecture . 53<br /> Chapter III Horizontal soil water potential heterogeneity: Simplifying<br /> approaches for crop water dynamics models . 57<br /> 1. Abstract 57<br /> 2. Introduction 58<br /> 3. Theory 61<br /> 3.1 Equations for three-dimensional explicit water flow simulation . 61<br /> 3.2 Upscaling of water flow parameters and state variables 64<br /> 3.3 Simplifying assumptions for horizontal soil water flow 68<br /> 4. Methodology 71<br /> 4.1 Scenarios description . 71<br /> 4.2 Testing the simplifying approaches . 76<br /> 5. Results and discussion . 81<br /> 5.1 First conjecture: homogeneous soil water potential in upscaled soil<br /> elements 81<br /> 5.2 Second conjecture: solution for implicitly hete-rogeneous soil water<br /> potential in 1-D soil layers 92<br /> 6. Conclusions and outlook 98<br /> 7. Appendices 100<br /> Appendix A: Definition of soil water flow divergence necessary to keep<br /> soil water potential homogeneous during root water uptake in upscaled<br /> soil elements . 100<br /> Appendix B: Theoretical equation for the geometrical parameter ρg for<br /> regular root distribution in a soil layer . 102<br /> Chapter IV Impact of dynamic root hydraulic properties on plant<br /> water availability under water stress 103<br /> 1. Abstract 103<br /> 2. Introduction 104<br /> 3. Theory 107<br /> 3.1 The dynamics of plant water availability . 107<br /> 3.2 Empirical and mechanistic approaches to plant water stress . 108<br /> 4. Methodology 113<br /> 4.1 Root system properties 114<br /> 4.2 Scenario description 117<br /> 5. Results and discussion . 118<br /> 5.1 Dynamics of plant actual transpiration and water potential . 118<br /> 5.2 Dynamics of macroscopic hydraulic parameters . 123<br /> 5.3 Water use envelopes 128<br /> 6. Conclusions and outlook 129<br /> Chapter V Exact macroscopic solutions of water flow equations in<br /> root hydraulic architectures. 133<br /> 1. Abstract 133<br /> 2. Introduction 134<br /> 3. Existing approaches of water flow dyna-mics modelling in root<br /> system hydraulic architectures . 136<br /> 3.1 Doussan hydraulic architecture approach 136<br /> 3.2 Macroscopic hydraulic architecture simplified approach 140<br /> 4. Development of an exact macroscopic solu-tion of water flow in<br /> hydraulic architec-tures 143<br /> 4.1 Basic equations development 143<br /> 4.2 Macroscopic hydraulic parameters properties . 145<br /> 5. Transversal comparison of approaches based on the hydraulic<br /> architecture . 147<br /> 5.1 Doussan and exact macroscopic parameters 147<br /> 5.2 Exact and simplified macroscopic solutions: an adjusted definition of<br /> compensatory root water uptake . 151<br /> 5.3 Dynamic parameterisation of simplified macro-scopic parameters . 155<br /> 6. Conclusions and outlook 157<br /> 7. Appendices 160<br /> Appendix A: Description of the IM matrix 160<br /> Appendix B: Doussan compact expressions for local root water uptake<br /> rates under both boundary condition types . 161<br /> Appendix C: The system of water flow equations in a hydraulic<br /> architecture accepts only one solution 162<br /> Appendix D: Transversal comparison of macroscopic para-meters with<br /> Doussan matrix, from flux-type boundary condition solutions 163<br /> Appendix E: The scalar product of diag(Krs) and SUF is symmetric:<br /> demonstration . 163<br /> Appendix F: Compact exact macroscopic solution of water flow for fluxtype<br /> boundary conditions, and relation with Doussan solution using the C<br /> matrix 164<br /> Chapter VI General conclusion 167<br /> 1. Understanding plant root water uptake 167<br /> 2. Computing plant root water uptake . 170<br /> 3. Perspectives . 172<br /> Bibliography . 175</p> 99 BE 04 01 http://pul.uclouvain.be/resources/titles/29303100851320/images/ba3c5fe1d6d6708b5bffaeb6942b7e04/HIGHQ/9782875582423.jpg 02 https://pul.uclouvain.be/book/?GCOI=29303100851320 06 3052405007518 Presses universitaires de Louvain 01 06 3052405007518 Presses universitaires de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve BE 04 20131113 437 2013 01 WORLD 01 9.45 in 02 6.30 in 03 1.19 in 08 12.11 oz 01 24 cm 02 16 cm 03 1.19 cm 08 343 gr 06 3012405004818 CIACO - DUC 03 WORLD 01 2 20 1 02 00 02 02 STD 02 25.70 EUR BE R 6.00 24.25 1.45 06 3019000200508 Librairie Wallonie-Bruxelles 33 www.librairiewb.com/ http://www.librairiewb.com/ 02 FR 01 2 20 1 04 00 02 02 STD 02 25.70 EUR R 5.50 24.36 1.34