Le réseau « Chromatiques whiteheadiennes » a pour objectif premier de fédérer les recherches sur les différents aspects, nuances et implications de la pensée du philosophe et algébriste britannique Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947). C'est dans ce cadre qu'ont été créés en 2002 à l'Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne des séminaires de recherche sur la philosophie organique whiteheadienne. L' « Annuaire de la philosophie en procès » publie les principaux résultats de ces travaux et offre complémentairement des études critiques et des comptes rendus récents dans les domaines whiteheadiens et connexes.
The « Chromatiques whiteheadiennes » network intends to bring together research on the different aspects, nuances and implications of Alfred North Whitehead's (1861-1947) thought. Since 2002, the network has fostered in Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne research seminars on his organic philosophy. The Chromatikon yearbook publishes the main results of this work and also offer critical studies and reviews in Whiteheadian and related fields. The Chromatikon yearbooks are complementary to the works published in ontos' « Chromatiques whiteheadiennes » and« Process Thought » series.
A TASK MODEL-BASED APPROACH FOR THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE USER INTERFACES ....................... 3
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 5
1.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................. 7
1.2 OUTLINE .................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 - TASK MODEL -RELATED CONCEPTS ....................... 11
2.1 MODEL-BASED APPROACHES ................................................................ 11
2.2 NORMAN'S ACTION CYCLE MODEL....................................................... 14
2.3 TASK ANALYSIS METHODS.................................................................... 15
2.3.1 Task Analysis ................................................................................. 15
2.3.2 Groupware Task Analysis (GTA)................................................... 19
2.4 TASK MODELLING ................................................................................. 20
2.4.1 Methode Analytique de Description des Taches (MAD)................ 21
2.4.2 Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules (GOMS) .......... 23
2.4.3 User Action Notation (UAN).......................................................... 24
2.4.4 Activity Diagrams .......................................................................... 25
2.4.5 Conclusions.................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 3 - THE CONCURTASKTREES NOTATION AND THE RELATED ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................... 29
3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 29
3.2 THE CONCURTASKTREES NOTATION (CTT).......................................... 31
3.2.1 Task Properties .............................................................................. 32
3.2.2 Operators ....................................................................................... 35
3.3 CTT ENVIRONMENT (CTTE)................................................................. 37
CHAPTER 4 - A TASK MODEL-BASED APPROACH FOR THE DESIGN, VERIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS............ 41
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 41
4.2 THE MEFISTO APPROACH ...................................................................... 42
4.2.1 The Process Cycle.......................................................................... 43
4.2.2 The Design Cycle ........................................................................... 45
4.2.3 The Abstraction Cycle.................................................................... 46
4.3 THE PROPOSED APPROACH .................................................................... 49
CHAPTER 5 - HOW TO DESIGN INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS FROM TASK MODELS ........................................................................................... 55
5.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 55
5.2 RELATED WORK .................................................................................... 57
5.3 SPECIFYING ABSTRACT DESCRIPTIONS OF USER INTERFACES................ 61
5.4 THE PROPOSED APPROACH .................................................................... 63
5.5 FROM TASK MODELS TO ABSTRACT USER INTERFACES ........................ 65
5.5.1 Identifying PTS and Transitions .................................................... 65
5.5.2 Applying Heuristics........................................................................ 67
5.5.3 Mapping PTS-Based Specifications onto Interactor-Based Descriptions ............................................................................................ 69
5.6 FROM AN ABSTRACT USER INTERFACE TO ITS IMPLEMENTATION.......... 75
5.7 A SIMPLE EXAMPLE............................................................................... 76
CHAPTER 6 - USING TASK MODELS TO VERIFY PROPERTIES OF AN INTERACTIVE SYSTEM.................................................................... 81
6.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 81
6.2 RELATED WORK ................................................................................... 83
6.3 THE APPROACH...................................................................................... 85
6.4 FROM CTT TO LOTOS.......................................................................... 90
6.4.1 Single-User Task Models ............................................................... 92
6.4.2 Cooperative Task Models .............................................................. 96
6.5 PROPERTY FORMALISATION AND VERIFICATION.................................... 98
6.5.1 The Approach................................................................................. 98
6.5.2 Sample Properties.......................................................................... 99
6.6 INTEGRATING CTTE WITH A MODEL-CHECKING TOOL....................... 102
6.7 AN EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION ............................................................ 107
CHAPTER 7 - INTEGRATING TASK MODELS AND SYSTEM MODELS..................................................................................................... 111
7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 111
7.2 SYSTEM MODELLING ........................................................................... 113
7.2.1 Petri Nets (PN)............................................................................. 113
7.2.2 Interactive Cooperative Objects (ICO)........................................ 115
7.2.3 PetShop Environment................................................................... 117
7.3 THE INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 120
7.3.1 CTT Environment......................................................................... 125
7.3.2 ICO Environment......................................................................... 125
7.3.3 The Correspondence Editor......................................................... 126
7.3.4 Execution: the Scenario Player ................................................... 127
CHAPTER 8 - TASK MODEL–BASED EVALUATION OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS....................................................................... 129
8.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 129
8.2 RELATED WORK .................................................................................. 130
8.3 THE METHOD....................................................................................... 134
8.3.1 Organisation of the Evaluation.................................................... 137
8.4 AN EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION ........................................................... 139
8.4.1 Evaluating a Low-Level Task....................................................... 139
8.4.2 Evaluating a High-Level Task ..................................................... 141
CHAPTER 9 - A CASE STUDY................................................................ 143
9.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 143
9.2 THE ATC DOMAIN .............................................................................. 144
9.2.1 The En-route Phase...................................................................... 146
9.2.2 The Aerodrome Phase.................................................................. 148
9.3 APPLYING THE APPROACH TO THE CASE STUDY.................................. 151
9.3.1 Designing ATC User Interfaces................................................... 151
9.3.2 Verifying Properties..................................................................... 157
9.3.3 Integrating Task Models and System Models .............................. 163
9.3.4 Deviation-Based Evaluation ........................................................ 179
CHAPTER 10 - CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES... 187
REFERENCES............................................................................................ 191
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... 207