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GENERAL INFORMATION............................................................. 11
A few historical landmarks .......................................................................... 12
Some terminology ........................................................................................ 13
1. HEARING IMPAIRMENT FROM A MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW.......... 15
Introduction.................................................................................................. 15
1. What is hearing loss?............................................................................... 16
1.1. What is a sound? ..................................................................................... 16
1.2. Anatomy of the ear and how hearing works ............................................ 16
1.3. How is hearing measured?...................................................................... 20
1.4. Definition of hearing loss ........................................................................ 24
1.5. Warning signs of deafness ....................................................................... 28
2. The management of deafness .................................................................. 30
2.1. Medical care............................................................................................ 30
2.2. Multidisciplinary management ................................................................ 30
3. Hearing aids and other technological supports........................................ 31
3.1. Conventional amplifying hearing aids .................................................... 33
3.2. The bone conduction hearing aid ............................................................ 35
3.3. Cochlear implants ................................................................................... 36
3.4. Other technological aids ......................................................................... 37
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 38
2. DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE............... 41
Introduction.................................................................................................. 41
1. Communication, a prerequisite for language .......................................... 41
1.1. Eye contact and joint attention................................................................ 42
186 Fi rs t s teps wi th a hear ing - impai red chi ld
1.2. Pointing and linguistic labelling ............................................................. 44
1.3. Motor or verbal imitation........................................................................ 44
1.4. Speaking turns ......................................................................................... 45
2. The development of a language............................................................... 46
2.1. Developing sign language ....................................................................... 47
2.2. Developing an oral/spoken language...................................................... 51
2.3. Oral language development aids............................................................. 54
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 69
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEAF CHILD ............. 71
Introduction.................................................................................................. 71
1. The psychomotor development of the deaf child .................................... 72
2. Intellectual development and cognitive functions................................... 78
3. Emotional development........................................................................... 82
3.1. Attachement ............................................................................................. 82
3.2. Identity or self-concept ............................................................................ 85
3.3. Emotions .................................................................................................. 89
4. Social development ................................................................................. 92
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 96
4. DEAF CULTURE ................................................................. 99
Introduction.................................................................................................. 99
1. Definition of Deaf Culture .................................................................... 100
2. Sign language ........................................................................................ 101
2.1. What is sign language? ......................................................................... 101
2.2. The learning and transmission of sign language................................... 107
3. Evolution of Deaf Culture ..................................................................... 108
3.1. A little history for better understanding ................................................ 108
3.2. The Deafhood notion ............................................................................. 109
Table of contents 187
3.3. The Deafgain notion.............................................................................. 111
4. Art as a symbol of Deaf culture............................................................. 112
5. Living Habits of Deaf People................................................................ 113
6. For better inclusion of the deaf person .................................................. 114
6.1. The importance of visuals and hands to help communicate with deaf
people ............................................................................................................ 115
6.2. Organization of the environment........................................................... 118
Conclusion ................................................................................................. 121
5. SCHOOL LEARNING FOR THE DEAF CHILD ............................. 123
Introduction................................................................................................ 123
1. Schooling for deaf children ................................................................... 123
1.1. Different schooling systems ................................................................... 123
1.2. Reasonable accommodations for the deaf child .................................... 126
1.3. Learning materials ................................................................................ 135
2. Reading and writing in the deaf child ................................................... 139
2.1. Theoretical introduction........................................................................ 140
2.2. Ways to help deaf children develop their reading skills........................ 147
2.3. What about writing?.............................................................................. 156
3. Mathematics for the deaf child.............................................................. 157
3.1. How to explain the difficulties?............................................................. 157
3.2. Ways to help .......................................................................................... 160
3.3. Visual support........................................................................................ 163
Conclusion ................................................................................................. 165