Application of Magnetic Nanostructures to the Design of Microwave Circuits
Première édition
The growing interest in integrated microwave devices for automotive and wireless communication demands new innovative concepts. Reducing device dimension by increasing bandwidth and operating frequency is a major challenge. This thesis presents the design of such devices using arrays of ferromagnetic nanowired substrate (MNWS) embedded in insulating templates of polycarbonate or alumina. Due to the magnetic character of the nanowires, reciprocal as well as non-reciprocal devices can be obtained that are tunable in frequency by applying external magnetic fields. Circulators, isolators, phase shifters, inductors and leaky-wave antennas have been developed on MNWS. For their design, the effective parameters of the composite material have to be known precisely. Therefore analytical models have been developed for determination of permittivity and permeability on MNWS, since these parameters are influenced by the ferromagnetic inclusions. Furthermore the fact that MNWS materials contain nanoscale zones five times smaller than their wavelength, places a severe limitation on the calculation capability of commercially available simulators regarding simulation time and convergence. The accuracy of these models has been verified by transmission line measurements. A special focus has been given to the development of metamaterials on MNWS. In this thesis a single negative material, which has negative permeability, has been successfully measured on such a substrate for the first time.
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Spécifications
- Éditeur
- Presses universitaires de Louvain
- Partie du titre
-
Numéro 224
- Auteur
- Judith Spiegel,
- Collection
- Thèses de l'École polytechnique de Louvain | n° 224
- Langue
- anglais
- BISAC Subject Heading
- TEC000000 TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
- Code publique Onix
- 06 Professionnel et académique
- CLIL (Version 2013-2019 )
- 3069 TECHNIQUES ET SCIENCES APPLIQUEES
- Date de première publication du titre
- 01 novembre 2009
- Subject Scheme Identifier Code
- Classification thématique Thema: Technologie, ingénierie et agriculture, procédés industriels
- Type d'ouvrage
- Thèse
- Avec
- Bibliographie
Livre broché
- Date de publication
- 01 novembre 2009
- ISBN-13
- 978-2-87463-196-2
- Ampleur
- Nombre de pages de contenu principal : 180
- Dépôt Légal
- D/2009/9964/56 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
- Code interne
- 81657
- Format
- 16 x 24 x 1 cm
- Poids
- 300 grammes
- Prix
- 16,10 €
- ONIX XML
- Version 2.1, Version 3
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Sommaire
Scientific Publications v
List of Abbreviations vii
Introduction 1
1 Ferromagnetism in metallic nanowires 5
1.1 Magnetic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Microscopic scale for infinite medium . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1 Equation of motion with static field . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Equation of motion with additional RF field . . . . 10
1.2.3 Susceptibility tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.4 Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.5 Resonance linewidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.6 Permeability tensor for saturated materials . . . . 15
1.3 Microscopic scale for finite material . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Permeability tensor for ferromagnetic NWs . . . . . . . . . 20
1.5 Permeability tensor of unsaturated materials . . . . . . . . 23
1.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 Modeling of nanowired templates 29
2.1 Topology of nanowired substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Permittivity model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Permeability model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.1 Volumetric approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.2 Variational approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4 Magneto-inductive model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
i
3 Model validation using transmission lines 53
3.1 Fabrication process of nanowired substrates . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 Device realisation using masking techniques . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Transmission lines on PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.1 Validation of permittivity model . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.2 Validation of permeability models . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.2.1 Variational Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.2.2 Volumetric Approach . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.3 Discussion of permeability models . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.3.1 Tunability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4 Transmission lines on alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.1 Coplanar waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4.2 Metallic rectangular waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5 LH TLs using ferromagnetic nanowired substrate . . . . . 79
3.5.1 Concept of left-handed devices . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5.2 Simulations of tunable LH device . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4 Applications of nanowired substrates 91
4.1 Integrated inductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1.1 Inductor samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.1.2 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.1.3 Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2 Circulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.2.1 Analytical modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.2 Model verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3 Non-reciprocal microstrip lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3.1 Operating principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.2 State-of-the-art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
ii
4.3.3 Field distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.3.4 Topology of ferromagnetic nanowired concept . . . 116
4.3.5 Fabrication process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.3.6 Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.3.6.1 Influence of permittivity in zone 2 . . . . 120
4.3.6.2 Influence of permittivity in zone 3 . . . . 123
4.3.6.3 Influence of ferromagnetic zone width . . 126
4.3.6.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.7 Experimental verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.7.1 Non-reciprocal lines on Co nanowired
substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.7.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3.7.3 Non-reciprocal lines on Ni nanowired
substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.8 Additional verifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.3.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.4 Leaky-wave antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.4.1 LH antenna on ferromagnetic nanowired substrate 142
4.4.2 Frequency tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.4.3 Magnetic field tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Conclusion 152
A Unit conversion from MKS to CGS system I
B Verification of trial fields III
C Process Flow of Alumina Membranes V
D Conversion S-Parameter in ABCD VII