The detection of anti-cancer drugs in surface water bodies around the globe calls for upgrading currently applied wastewater treatment plants. Therefore one of the main objectives of this PhD thesis was to investigate advanced oxidation processes able to avoid such pollution... Lire la suite
The detection of anti-cancer drugs in surface water bodies around the globe calls for upgrading currently applied wastewater treatment plants. Therefore one of the main objectives of this PhD thesis was to investigate advanced oxidation processes able to avoid such pollution. In addition of developing technological solutions, characterization of pollution sources was performed in this work. Results evidenced the presence of cytostatic drugs in hospital wastewaters, even though a major part of drug is administrated to patients in the ambulatory regime in Belgium (94%-w).
In this work, two advanced oxidation process were investigated: photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) and photochemical oxidation (UV/H2O2). First PMR tests evidenced that catalyst particles were effectively confined in the system when using a ceramic ultrafiltration module at a transmembrane pressure of 3 bar and cross flow velocity of 3 m/s. Further photocatalytic tests showed that secondary wastewater effluent hindered the formation of OH radicals responsible for pollutants degradation.
A successive filtration method of the investigated matrix highlighted that ionic species hindered more the removal rates than the natural organic matter. When comparing PMR and UV/H2O2 processes with an economic and life cycle analysis,
the UV/H2O2 process scored best. However, the formation of toxic by-products was observed during the reaction of OH radicals with compounds present in the real water matrices investigated. Therefore UV/H2O2 stands as a promising technology for advanced water treatment, but still requires further studies to be implemented at large scale.
INTRODUCTION 7
1. Mission : élaborer un tableau de bord du développement territorial 7
2. Type d'approche 8
I. DELIMITATION DU CHAMP DE RECHERCHE 11
1. Un document de référence fondamental 11
2. Concepts fondamentaux 14
3. Structuration du tableau de bord autour de la notion de « besoins » 18
II. CLARIFICATION DE LA NOTION D’INDICATEUR 21
1. Définition, rôle et propriétés souhaitables d’un indicateur 21
2. Typologies d’indicateurs 23
III. ELABORATION D’UN SET D’INDICATEURS A L’INTERFACE ENTRE DEVELOPPEMENT TERRITORIAL ET MOBILITE 31
1. Liens entre aménagement du territoire et mobilité 31
2. Travaux de référence 34
3. Objectifs du Gouvernement wallon 36
4. Structuration du set d’indicateurs 39
5. Précisions à propos des indicateurs développés 45
Concepts de mobilité abordés 45
Echelles spatiales 45
Données utilisées 46
Comparaisons dans le temps et dans l’espace 47
Valeur communicationnelle 48
6. Présentation de quelques résultats 49
A propos du renforcement des réseaux de transport traversant la Wallonie… 49
A propos du renforcement de la multimodalité pour le transport des personnes, à l’échelle de la Wallonie… 51
A propos du renforcement de l’accessibilité multimodale des pôles wallons… 53
A propos de la prise en compte de l’accessibilité lors des décisions relatives au zonage du sol… 58
CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES 65
ANNEXES 71
Organigramme des concepts de mobilité utilisés dans le Tableau de bord du développement territorial 71
Glossaire 72
Bibliographie 81