Authentic co-production of public space

Sommaire

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Table of images xix

Acronyms and Key-words: French to English translation xxix

Abstract xxxiii

Preface xxxv

Synopsis xli

Chapter 1 Evolution of the Politique de la Ville as a national political strategy for realising Mitterand's vision for social reform 1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. The socio-economic and political character of post-war France: from 'the development' to 'the crisis' 3

1.2.1. Antecedent factors: industrialization and urbanisation from the 1950s to the 1970s. 3

1.2.2. First political initiatives against the social problems developing in the public housing estates 6

1.3. The 1980s: development of a new politic in a changed economic and social context 8

1.3.1. The turning point: development of 'The Crisis' between the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s 9

1.3.2. From the crisis of the system of production and accumulation to a political and social crisis 10

1.3.3. The challenge to representative democracy, and new political strategic initiatives 12

1.4. 1981 – 1989. The Report Dubedout and Development of new political strategies: from 'Habitat et Vie Sociale' (HVS) to the 'Développement Social des Quartiers' (DSQ) 14

1.4.1. The Report Dubedout 14

1.4.2. Decentralisation and the reform of the administration 17

1.4.3. The IX Plan (1984-1989): application of the recommendations of the Report Dubedout 22

1.4.4. Extension of the DSQ strategy to a wider number of sites 23

1.4.5. Establishment of new strategic approaches against delinquency 25

1.4.6. Development of urban design to promote urban integration 26

1.5. 1988-1993. The Report Levy, and the definition of the principles of the 'Politique de la ville et du développement social urbain' 27

1.5.1. The X Plan (1989-1993) and transition from the 1980s to the 1990s: associating 'l'urbain' and 'le social' in a global approach 27

1.5.2. New strategic political initiatives for the X Plan: the Report Levy and definition of the Politique de la Ville 29

1.5.3. The Decree 88-1015: definition of the theoretical bases and of the political objectives of the Politique de la Ville, and creation of the organisational structures 31

1.5.4. Proliferation of contracts under the X Plan: introduction of the Contrat de Ville 33

1.5.5. The territorial logic and 'positive discrimination': successes and failures 34

1.6. The creation of the Ministry of the City, and the contribution of the Report Delarue 36

1.6.1. The 'geographie prioritaire': definition of priority areas, and creation of a variety of 'contracts' (initiatives) targeting specific problems of each type of zone 37

1.7. The 1990s: the 'Plan de Relance' and the structural rationalisation of the Politique de la Ville through the 'Contrat de Ville' 40

1.7.1. The XI plan (1994-1998) and the unification under the Contrat de Ville 40

1.7.2. New territorial subdivisions for the contracts and evolution of the spatio-temporal perceptions of space 45

1.8. The Contrat de Ville: organisation, characteristics and participants 47

1.8.1. National and local objectives of the Contrat de Ville: the territorial impact and the social construction of new partnerships 47

1.8.2. The Contrat de Ville as the contractual framework for action 49

1.8.3. The organisation and structures 51

1.8.4. The Comité de Pilotage: the group of principal institutional partners setting up a Contrat de Ville 52

1.8.5. The Chefs de Projet and the MOUS teams of professionals 53

1.8.6. The status of 'professionals' in the context of the Politique de la Ville 55

1.8.7. Local and regional initiatives for the implementation of the Politique de la Ville 56

1.9. Reflection 57

Chapter 2 Review of Chapter 1: identification of frameworks of evolution in social thinking and objectives 61

2.1. Overview 61

2.2. Decentralisation 63

2.2.1. The intent of decentralisation: expanding democracy 63

2.2.2. The paradox of decentralisation, increasing politicisation of local affairs 64

2.3. The Reports: the first (theoretical) step of the framework of processes of evolution of the Politique de la Ville 65

2.3.1. Report Dubedout (1983) 66

2.3.2. Report Levy (1988) 66

2.3.3. Report Delarue (1991) 67

2.3.4. Reflection on the Reports 68

2.4. Legislation: the second (political) step of the framework of processes of evolution of the Politique de la Ville 68

2.5. New strategies: the third (procedural) step of the framework of processes of evolution of the Politique de la Ville 71

2.5.1. Overview 71

2.5.2. The DIV as an administrative structure, articulating the central political strategy and the local initiatives 72

2.6. From three-step framework of processes of evolution of the Politique de la Ville to a four-level framework of objectives 73

2.7. Reflection 74

Chapter 3 The FAR programme as a particular example of a Level 3 strategy for implementation of the Politique de la Ville 77

3.1. Overview 77

3.2. The origin of the FAR programme 78

3.3. Partnerships in the FAR programme 79

3.4. Objectives of the FAR programme 80

3.5. Chronology of the FAR programme 81

3.6. Methodological structure of the FAR programme 84

3.7. Participative structure of the laboratories 85

3.8. From participation to co-production 86

3.9. The research question: the participative laboratories as the site of realisation of the objectives of the Politique de la Ville 87

Chapter 4 The Experience of the Participative Laboratories within the Framework of the FAR Programme 89

4.1. Recall of the question 89

4.2. Purposes of the participative laboratories 91

4.2.1. Development of new governance 93

4.2.2. Development of new partnerships organising global and local interests 95

4.2.3. Participation as empowerment and development of citizenship 96

4.3. The cases studied and the FAR programme 97

4.4. The participative approach 101

4.5. The external facilitator 103

4.6. Methodology of analysis of the cases 105

4.6.1. Participation and multidisciplinary approach 105

4.6.2. The participative laboratories 107

4.6.3. Qualitative analysis of the experiences 108

4.6.4. Analysis and description of the cases 109

4.7. The cases studied 111

4.8. Haubourdin: one town, two laboratories 113

4.9. Haubourdin: the 'Quartier du Petit Belgique' 114

4.9.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 114

4.9.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 120

4.9.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 123

4.9.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative laboratory 131

4.9.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 134

4.9.6. Reflection by the author 137

4.10. Saint Pol sur Mer 139

4.10.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 139

4.10.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 140

4.10.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 142

4.10.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative laboratory 145

4.10.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 148

4.10.6. Reflection by the author 149

4.11. Bruay-la-Buissière: the 'Quartier des Terrasses' 151

4.11.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 151

4.11.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 155

4.11.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 156

4.11.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative laboratory 158

4.11.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 160

4.11.6. Reflection by the author 162

4.12. Tourcoing: the 'Quartier de l'Epidème' 165

4.12.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 165

4.12.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 168

4.12.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 171

4.12.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative laboratory 176

4.12.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 182

4.12.6. Reflection by the author 184

4.13. Communauté de Communes du Val de Sambre (CCVS) 185

4.13.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 186

4.13.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 188

4.13.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 191

4.13.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative (residential) laboratory 192

4.13.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 194

4.13.6. Reflection by the author 195

4.14. Avion: the 'Quartier de la République' 196

4.14.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 197

4.14.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 198

4.14.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 198

4.14.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative laboratory 201

4.14.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 204

4.14.6. Reflection by the author 205

4.15. Haubourdin: the City Centre 206

4.15.1. Geographical situation and urban typology 206

4.15.2. Origins of the participative laboratory 207

4.15.3. The experience of the participative laboratory 209

4.15.4. Spatial problems and social issues identified and approached in the participative laboratory 213

4.15.5. Self-evaluation of the laboratory and of the project 216

4.15.6. Reflection by the author 218

4.16. Reflection on the case studies: did the cases studied satisfy the objectives of the FAR programme? 220

Chapter 5 Conclusions 223

5.1. The research question 223

5.2. Evaluation of the achievement of the four levels of objectives by each of the cases studied 224

5.2.1. Haubourdin: the 'Quartier du Petit Belgique' 224

5.2.2. Saint Pol sur Mer 226

5.2.3. Bruay-la-Buissière: the 'Quartier des Terrasses' 228

5.2.4. Tourcoing: the 'Quartier de l’Epidème' 231

5.2.5. Communauté de Communes du Val de Sambre (CCVS) 234

5.2.6. Avion: the 'Quartier de la République' 236

5.2.7. Haubourdin: the City Centre 238

5.3. Review of achievement of the four levels of the framework of objectives 241

5.4. Evaluation of the FAR programme 244

5.5. Reflection 247

Bibliography 249

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