Fetal Pulmonary Hypoplasia

Sommaire

Contents
General introduction ................................................................................................1
1.A / The concepts of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning..............................1
1.B / The BEF framework ......................................................................................3
1.C / A glimpse of BEF early history.....................................................................5
1.D / The beginning of functional ecology.............................................................7
1.E / Functional ecology up to this day ................................................................10
How to estimate and analyze functional diversity: a summary of current
knowledge and practices........................................................................................15
2.A / The qualitative selection of functional trait.................................................15
2.A.1 / A definition of functional trait .............................................................15
2.A.2/ The different problems when selecting functional traits.......................17
2.A.3 / Phylogeny as proxy for functional diversity ........................................21
2.B / The quantification of functional diversity ...................................................23
2.B.1 / Abundance matters...............................................................................23
2.B.2 / The intraspecific trait variation ............................................................25
2.C / The environmental context ..........................................................................28
2.C.1 / Environmental filtering ........................................................................28
2.C.2 / What makes species coexist? ...............................................................31
2.C.3 / The role of phenotypic plasticity..........................................................35
2.C.4 / Expanding the local pattern to bigger scales........................................36
2.D / We live in a multivariate world...................................................................41
2.D.1 / Do not forget interactions ....................................................................41
2.D.2 / Interactions between traits ...................................................................43
2.D.3 / Other examples of traits' multidimensionality.....................................47
2.D.4 / Traits are not the only things to be multivariate...................................48
2.E / The statistical framework ............................................................................52
2.E.1 / Examples of different biases that one might encounter........................52
2.E.2 / The soft/hard framework ......................................................................54
2.E.3 / The framework's underlying assumptions ...........................................55
Microcosms & model organisms ...........................................................................61
3.A / About the usefulness of microcosms...........................................................61
3.B / The aim of the thesis, and the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila.64

3.C / Tetrahymena thermophila genetics and reproduction..................................68
3.D / The selection of T. thermophila’s functional traits......................................74
3.D.1 / Morphology – Easy traits.....................................................................75
3.D.2 / Movement – Intermediate traits...........................................................80
3.D.3 / Growth rate – The first hard trait .........................................................83
3.D.4 / Oxygen consumption – The second hard trait......................................86
3.D.5 / Expected relationships between traits..................................................94
Relationships between functional traits in an optimal environment..................97
4.A / Introduction .................................................................................................97
4.B / Methods.......................................................................................................98
4.B.1 / Culture conditions & experimental design ...........................................98
4.B.2 / Trait measurements............................................................................100
4.C / Results.......................................................................................................103
4.C.1 / Pairwise model for local pattern.........................................................103
4.C.2 / Multivariate analysis for global pattern..............................................106
4.C.4 / The intraspecific and intrastrain variability within functional traits in
T. thermophila................................................................................................114
4.C.5/ Trait change between mother and experimental cultures....................117
4.D / Discussion .................................................................................................120
Relationships between functional traits along an environmental gradient .....125
5.A / Introduction ...............................................................................................125
5.B / Methods.....................................................................................................131
5.B.1 / Culture conditions..............................................................................131
5.B.2 / Trait measurement..............................................................................132
5.C / Results.......................................................................................................137
5.C.1 / The impact of the environments on the traits.....................................137
5.C.2 / Pairwise model analysis.....................................................................142
5.C.3 / Multivariate analysis..........................................................................150
5.C.4 / Difference in the wave pattern along the temperature gradient..........156
5.C.5 / Traits changes between the different cultures ....................................160
5.D / Discussion .................................................................................................162
General discussion ................................................................................................167
References .............................................................................................................175